Hebrew course 5.3
Learn Hebrew Verbs (Part 2) ~ Lesson 3
Participles
By Jeff A. Benner
In our previous lessons concerning verbs we learned that verbs have two tenses, perfect and imperfect. A Hebrew verb participle is a third tense of a verb and simply identifies the action of a verb. As an example, in the sentence קוצר יעקב (qotser ya’aqov) the verb qatsar is written as a participle and the sentence would be translated as "Jacob is cutting." Particples do identify the gender and number of the subject of the verb but it does not identify the person (1st, 2nd or 3rd). Generally speaking the participle is translated in the present tense, but keep in mind that the Hebrew verb is not related to time but action.
As I have stated a participle identifies an action but, it can also be used for one who does that action. For instance, when the root רעה (ra’ah), meaning "to feed," is written in the masculing, singular participle it becomes רועה (ro’eh) and means "seeing" such as we find in Genesis 30:36 which states that "Jacob was ‘feeding’ the remainder of Laban’s flock." But, this same participle can mean "one who feeds," a shepherd, as we see in the 23rd Psalm, "Yahweh is my ’shepherd’." The most common form of participles is the pa’al form and below is a chart of these participles.
Hebrew course 5.2
Learn Hebrew Verbs (Part 2) ~ Lesson 2
Verb Moods
By Jeff A. Benner
Hebrew verbs have three moods - simple, causative and intensive. The most common mood in Biblical Hebrew is the simple and refers to verbs of simple action. The three voices we learned in the previous lesson are in the simple mood. Each of these verb forms have a name.
Simple active - pa’al (Also called the Qal)
Simple passive - niphal
Simple reflexive - hitpa’el
Causative Mood
In the causative mood and active voice the subject of the verb causes the action of the verb - "Jacob caused him to cut a tree." In the causative mood and passive voice, the action is caused to be imparted on the subject of the verb - "Jacob was caused to be cut." Each of these verb forms also have a name.
Causative active - hiphil
Causative passive - hophal
Intensive Mood
The intensive mood intensifies the action of the verb. When the verb is used in the intensive it may be translated as "slashed." "Jacob slashed a tree" is intensive mood and active voice and "Jacob was slashed" is the intensive mood and passive voice.
Intensive active - pi’el
Intensive passive - pu’al
Verb Chart
All of the verb forms covered thus far are available on this PDF chart.
Again, do not let all of this discourage you, your objective at this point is to become familiar with the concepts and as you continue to work with the Hebrew text using the various resources available to you, you will become more comfortable with them.
Hebrew course 5.1
Learn Hebrew Verbs (Part 2) ~ Lesson 1
Verb Voice
By Jeff A. Benner
The Hebrew script used in these lessons are the internet Hebrew Unicodes and are best viewed with the David.ttf font uploaded to your fonts folder.
In Verbs part 1 we learned that each Hebrew verb identifies;
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Person (first, second or third) of the subject of the verb
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Gender (masculine or feminine) of the subject of the verb
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Number (singular or plural) of the subject of the verb
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Tense (perfect or imperfect) of the verb
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And sometimes the gender and number of the object of the verb
In the next couple of lessons we will learn that each Hebrew verb also includes the following.
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Voice (active, passive or reflexive) of the verb
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Mood (simple, causative or intensive) of the verb
Hebrew verbs have three voices - active, passive and reflexive. In the active voice the subject of the verb is imparting the action of the verb. For instance, in the phrase קצר יעקב (qatsar ya’aqov) Jacob is performing the action of the cutting - "Jacob cut" (In Verbs part 1, all of the verbs learned there are in the active voice). In the passive voice the action of the verb is imparted on the subject of the verb so, in the phrase נקצר יעקב (niq’tsar ya’aqov) the action of cutting is imparted on Jacob - "Jacob was cut." In the reflexive voice the action of the verb is imparted on the subject of the verb by the subject of the verb. In the phrase התקצר יעקב (hitqatser ya’aqov) Jacob performs the action of cutting onto himself - "Jacob cut himself." Below is a chart with the conjugations of the active, passive and reflexive verb voices of קצר in the perfect tense.
Generally speaking the passive voice verbs in the perfect tense are identified by the prefix נ (nee) and the reflexive voice verbs in the prefect tense are identified by the prefix הת" (heet).
However, when it comes to the passive voice in the imperfect tense the only difference between the passive and the active is a change in the vowel sounds. Reflexive voice in the imperfect tense does not include the first letter of the reflexive prefix - ה, instead the second letter - ת, is placed after the prefix identifying the subject of the verb. The chart below includes the active, passive and reflexive conjugations for the verb קצר in the imperfect tense.
The first time a person is confronted with these various conjugations of a verb they feel overwhelmed. Do not let this frustrate you as there are a few of things to keep in mind.
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Some of the more common conjugations will be easily recognized simply because of the extensive number of times they are used in the text. For instance the verb conjugation ויאמר (vay-yo-mer) meaning "and he said" is used 2084 times in the Hebrew Bible (ten times in Genesis chapter one alone).
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The vast majority of the verbs in the Hebrew Bible are in the pa’al (simple, active) form which is the simplest form of the verbs.
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There are several resources available to assist the Hebrew student to easily identify these conjugations (more on this in a later lesson).
Hebrew course 4.4
Learn Hebrew Adjectives, etc. ~ Lesson 4
Biblical Application
By Jeff A. Benner
1 Samuel 20:10
וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד אֶל־יְהוֹנָתָן מִי יַגִּיד לִי אוֹ מַה־יַּעַנְךָ אָבִיךָ קָשָׁה׃
וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִד
And David said
אֶל־יְהוֹנָתָן
to Jonathon
מִי יַגִּיד לִי
Who will tell me
אוֹ מַה־
Or what
יַּעַנְךָ אָבִיךָ
will your father answer you
קָשָׁה
roughly
2 Kings 18:20
אָמַרְתָּ אַךְ־דְּבַר־שְׂפָתַיִם עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה לַמִּלְחָמָה עַתָּה עַל־מִי בָטַחְתָּ כִּי מָרַדְתָּ בִּי׃
אָמַרְתָּ
You said
אַךְ־דְּבַר־שְׂפָתַיִם
Surely the word of the lips
עֵצָה וּגְבוּרָה לַמִּלְחָמָה
counsel and strenght are for the battle
עַתָּה עַל־מִי בָטַחְתָּ
Now, upon who will you trust
כִּי מָרַדְתָּ בִּי׃
because of your rebellion with me
Ecc 6:12
כִּי מִי־יוֹדֵעַ מַה־טּוֹב לָאָדָם בַּחַיִּים מִסְפַּר יְמֵי־חַיֵּי הֶבְלוֹ וְיַעֲשֵׂם כַּצֵּל אֲשֶׁר מִי־יַגִּיד לָאָדָם מַה־יִּהְיֶה אַחֲרָיו תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ ׃
כִּי מִי־יוֹדֵעַ מַה־טּוֹב לָאָדָם בַּחַיִּים
For who knows what is good for man in life,
מִסְפַּר יְמֵי־חַיֵּי הֶבְלוֹ
numbered are the days of the life of his vanity
וְיַעֲשֵׂם כַּצֵּל
and they will be made like a shadow
אֲשֶׁר מִי־יַגִּיד לָאָדָם
for who can tell man
מַה־יִּהְיֶה אַחֲרָיו תַּחַת הַשָּׁמֶשׁ
what will be after him under the sun.
Hebrew course 4.3
Learn Hebrew Adjectives, etc. ~ Lesson 3
Prepositions, Conjunctions and Adverbs
By Jeff A. Benner
Prepositions
אֵל
To,For, Belonging to
אִם
If
בֵּין
Between
כִּי
That, Because, So
מִין
From
עַד
Until
עוֹד
Again
עַל
Upon, Over
שָׁם
There
Conjunctions
אֲשֵׁר
Which, Who, That
אוֹ
Or
גַּם
Also
פֶּן
Otherwise
Adverbs
כֵּן
So
עָתַה
Now
אַךְ
Indeed, Surely
רַק
Only
אוּלַי
Perhaps
אוּלָם
But
It is also common for these prepositions, conjuctions and adverbs to used together to form a different concept. Here are a few examples.
Combinations
גַּם עָתַה
Let it be
כִּי אִם
Unless, Except
כִּי עַל
Because
כִּי עַל כֵּן
Since
Hebrew course 4.2
Learn Hebrew Adjectives, etc. ~ Lesson 2
Interogratives
By Jeff A. Benner
Questions in Hebrew can easily be identified by one of the following words which will begin a sentence.
מִי
Who
מָה
What
מָתַי
When
אֵיפֹה / אֵי
Where
לָמָּה
Why
אֵיךְ
How
A sentence can also begin with what is called the "interogative Hey". This is the letter ה being prefixed to a word. As an example, the Hebrew word יְדַעְתֶּם (Genesis 44:15) would be translated as "you know" but, if it is prefixed by the interogative hey it would appear as הַיְדַעְתֶּם (Genesis 29:5) and be translated as "do you know?"
Hebrew course 4.1
Learn Hebrew Adjectives, etc. ~ Lesson 1
Adjectives
By Jeff A. Benner
An adjective is a word that provides description to a noun. For instance, the Hebrew word טוֹב is a common adjective such as in the phrase יוֹם טוֹב (a good day, 1 Samuel 25:8). Notice that in Hebrew the adjective follows the noun it is describing. If the noun is preceeded by the article ה (as a prefix) then, the adjective will as well, such as in הָהָר הַטוֹב (the good mountain, Deuteronomy 3:25).
The adjective will also match the gender of the noun. In the last two examples, the word יוֹם and הַר are masculine nouns therefore, the masculine form טוֹב is used. The word אֶרֶץ (land) is a feminine word so the feminine טוֹבָה is used in the phrase אֶרֶץ טוֹבָה (a good land, Exodus 3:8). The adjective will also match the number (masculine or singular) of the noun. In each of our previous examples the singular form of the word טוֹב is being used because the noun it is describing is also singular. In the phrase בָּתִּים טוֹבִים (good houses, Deuteronomy 8:12) the word בֵית (house) is used in the plural form therefore, the adjective is as well.
In the phrase הַמֶּלֶךְ טוֹב the word מֶלֶךְ (king) is prefixed by the article ה (the) but, the word טוֹב is not. In this case the word טוֹב is not being used as an adjective but as a noun and should therefore be translated as “the king is good” or “the king is pleased” (Nehemiah 2:5).
It should be kept in mind that Biblical Hebrew does not really like adjectives but instead prefers to provide description by using verbs since the Ancient Hebrew mind describes things by their function and purpose rather than there appearance.
Some common Biblical adjectives are as follows.
Fem.
Masc.
Meaning
טוֹבה
טוֹב
good
רָעָה
רָע
bad, evil
גְּדוֹלָה
גָּדוֹל
great, large
קְטַנָּה
קָטַן
small, little
זֹאת
זֶה
This
הַהִיא
הַהוּא
That
אֶל / אֵלֶּא
אֶל / אֵלֶּא
These, Those
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